First-of-a-Kind Tests Demonstrate How Small Hydropower Plants and Energy Storage Can Enhance Grid Reliability and Resilience

In April 2021, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Idaho Falls Power performed first-of-a-kind tests to determine how the utility’s five small hydropower plants could provide electricity generation during regional grid disruptions. This required developing innovative hydropower controls and integrating energy storage technologies with the plants. The data gathered from the week of field testing is helping Idaho Falls Power better serve its customers during power emergencies and improving INL’s models of how hydropower integrated with energy storage can provide similar capabilities to other communities across the United States.

INL and Idaho Falls Power have been working toward these tests since 2015, following an outage in December 2013 that left about 53,000 southeast Idaho residents without power for hours in freezing temperatures. The outage forced the utility to shed 35 megawatts of power in just 30 minutes, putting the entire system at risk. Idaho Falls Power and INL subsequently began investigating so-called “black start” and “islanding” capabilities. Black starting is the process of jump-starting a local grid with available equipment and electricity, and islanding is powering the local grid independent of the regional grid. While large hydropower plants are backbones of black start capabilities in many regions, most small hydropower plants do not respond quickly enough on their own to balance the sudden changes in load. Integrating these smaller plants with energy storage, such as a battery or ultracapacitor, means these systems can provide the immediate response while the hydropower catches up. Together, they can provide enough frequency and voltage stabilization to support the local community’s power system.

The tests used ultracapacitors, which are ideal for releasing and absorbing quick, large bursts of energy on demand, but not the sustained outputs batteries are known for, relieving pressure from hydropower plants and giving them time to catch up to demand. In preparation for the field tests, the team first created a digital model of the Idaho Falls power system in INL’s Energy Systems Integration Laboratory to test and validate a simulated version of the approach in a controlled environment. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory also helped characterize and model the hydropower plants using a non-real-time digital platform.

To isolate the city’s generators and simulate the critical loads on the system, two 6-megawatt load banks were brought in. Load banks are used to test an electric power source that has been disconnected from its normal operating load, drawing the current and dissipating it in the form of heat. The team proceeded to connect the hydropower plants and ultracapacitors to the load banks to test different combinations of solutions to provide black start and grid islanding capabilities.

Ultimately, the tests showed the ultracapacitors worked as expected when connected to the hydropower plants and demonstrated how local communities can use their power systems to achieve grid reliability and resilience while utilizing zero-emissions energy sources. INL and Idaho Falls Power are currently assessing the test results to determine how close the microgrid is to becoming a reality. The results could prove that small hydropower plants, when combined with innovative controls and energy storage technologies, can keep the lights on for local customers regardless of the stress on the regional grid.